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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poisson-Prozess</span></h1>
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<p>Ein <b>Poisson-Punktprozess</b> (oder kurz <b>Poisson-Prozess</b>) ist ein nach <a href="Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> benannter <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastischer Prozess</a>. Er ist ein <a href="Erneuerungsprozess" title="Erneuerungsprozess">Erneuerungsprozess</a>, dessen Zuwächse <a href="Poisson-Verteilung" title="Poisson-Verteilung">Poisson-verteilt</a> sind.
</p><p>Die mit einem Poisson-Prozess beschriebenen seltenen Ereignisse besitzen aber typischerweise ein großes Risiko (als Produkt aus Kosten und Wahrscheinlichkeit). Daher werden damit oft im Versicherungswesen zum Beispiel <a href="St%C3%B6rfall" title="Störfall">Störfälle</a> an komplexen Industrieanlagen, Flutkatastrophen, Flugzeugabstürze usw. modelliert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameter">Parameter</h2></div>
<p>Die Verteilung der Zuwächse hat einen Parameter λ, dieser wird als <i>Intensität</i> des Prozesses bezeichnet, da pro Zeitspanne genau λ Sprünge <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">erwartet</a> werden (Erwartungswert der Poisson-Verteilung ist ebenfalls λ). Die Höhe jedes Sprunges ist eins, die Zeiten zwischen den Sprüngen sind <a href="Exponentialverteilung" title="Exponentialverteilung">exponentialverteilt</a>. Der Poisson-Prozess ist also ein <a href="Diskret" title="Diskret">diskreter</a> Prozess in <a href="Stetig" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig">stetiger</a> (d. h. kontinuierlicher) <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Ein <i>Poisson-Punktprozess</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein <a href="Zuf%C3%A4lliges_Ma%C3%9F" title="Zufälliges Maß">zufälliges Maß</a>, genauer gesagt ein <a href="Punktprozess" title="Punktprozess">Punktprozess</a>, mit einem <a href="S-endliches_Ma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="S-endliches Maß">s-endlichen</a> Intensitätsmaß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> auf einem beliebigen Maßraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {X} ,{\mathcal {X}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">X</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbf {X} ,{\mathcal {X}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93d061202d164864f9c3ea416a56873ca016f052.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.738ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {X} ,{\mathcal {X}})}" loading="lazy"></span>, der folgende Bedingungen erfüllt:
</p>
<ol><li>Für jede messbare Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta (B)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta (B)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29f4caf4f9bb05e367a2e27ba3046f6da2c1ecb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.743ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta (B)}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Poisson-Verteilung" title="Poisson-Verteilung">Poisson-verteilt</a> mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (B)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (B)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df6b646fa0ee9a1b5cb529043d9d0485e24885a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.929ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (B)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das heißt, es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (\eta (B)=k)=P_{\lambda (B)}(k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (\eta (B)=k)=P_{\lambda (B)}(k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e887ba6fdb6c5047d345e85ffdc94da13a3ac3e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:23.61ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (\eta (B)=k)=P_{\lambda (B)}(k)}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97bceb13f72e37bcd50b60e5fb2fa05bcf15c265.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.784ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für jede beliebige Anzahl an paarweise disjunkten Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{1},\dots ,B_{n}\in {\mathcal {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{1},\dots ,B_{n}\in {\mathcal {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/236b1fdcb7da7346a5dc0174f752672c2b00e661.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.695ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{1},\dots ,B_{n}\in {\mathcal {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta (B_{1}),\dotsc ,\eta (B_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta (B_{1}),\dotsc ,\eta (B_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35acf41330a59e6f68b0cb91cbd4c81ca3721f31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.936ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta (B_{1}),\dotsc ,\eta (B_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängig.<sup id="cite_ref-Poisson_Point_Process_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poisson_Point_Process-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>
<p>Für einen Poisson-Punktprozess wird auch die Kurzschreibweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>PPP</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f59dfaa8a2d73997d04534f94d3f073c9f4503e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.181ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda )}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet. Handelt es sich um einen <i>homogenen</i> (auch: <i>stationären</i>) Poisson-Punktprozess, so schreibt man auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda \mathrm {d} x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>PPP</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda \mathrm {d} x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75fb35b4abcb05f4b7106c36a0ddb10f68de983b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.803ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \sim {\text{PPP}}(\lambda \mathrm {d} x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei damit das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>-fache <a href="Lebesgue-Ma%C3%9F" title="Lebesgue-Maß">Lebesgue-Maß</a> gemeint ist. Für das <a href="Intensit%C3%A4tsma%C3%9F" title="Intensitätsmaß">Intensitätsmaß</a> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (B)=\operatorname {E} (\eta (B))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (B)=\operatorname {E} (\eta (B))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d11709609eeb95b48964215f84ee0cdcff125586.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (B)=\operatorname {E} (\eta (B))}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Poisson-Punktprozesse können auf beliebigen Räumen betrachtet werden. Häufig interessiert man sich für den Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a713426956296f1668fce772df3c60b9dde8a685.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.77ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder für die positive reelle Achse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c1f2c2437bae14145e43c54cb7e1ee2701b2106.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{+}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Insbesondere wenn man von einem Poisson-Punktprozess auf der reellen Achse spricht, nennt man die zweite Eigenschaft auch <i>unabhängige Inkremente</i>.
</p><p>Die Terminologie ist leider nicht einheitlich. Manche Autoren sprechen vom <i>Poisson-Prozess</i> und meinen damit den Poisson-Punktprozess, andere wiederum meinen mit Poisson-Prozess den Poisson-<a href="Z%C3%A4hlprozess" title="Zählprozess">Zählprozess</a>, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N(t)_{t\geq 0}:=\eta ([0,t])_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N(t)_{t\geq 0}:=\eta ([0,t])_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78809d8ed70b6723bb40492a69c9124a2b4a1264.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.619ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N(t)_{t\geq 0}:=\eta ([0,t])_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Letzteres zählt die Anzahl der Punkte des Poisson-Punktprozesses bis zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_auf_ℝ+"><span id="Definition_auf_.E2.84.9D.2B"></span>Definition auf ℝ<sub>+</sub></h3></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastischer Prozess</a> mit <a href="C%C3%A0dl%C3%A0g" class="mw-redirect" title="Càdlàg">càdlàg</a>-Pfaden über einem <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum">Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathfrak {A}},\mathbb {P} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathfrak {A}},\mathbb {P} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1d4fb7211b4ae5b675de073280f781f76bc4a5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.644ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathfrak {A}},\mathbb {P} )}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt (homogener) <i>Poisson-Prozess</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87a8fb14e28896ea26afca9f7133d31165bb8ec2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.121ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Intensität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eea25afc0351140f919cf791c49c1964b8b081de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda >0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in [0,\infty )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in [0,\infty )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/505b13e7abab4425756bd9fd4367d8f9be2ac1fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.752ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in [0,\infty )}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls folgende drei Bedingungen erfüllt sind:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,0}=0\quad (\mathbb {P} {\text{-f. s.}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>-f. s.</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,0}=0\quad (\mathbb {P} {\text{-f. s.}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b23425aca7b5dafc4ae4cc4eb89fd85dad4000c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.052ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,0}=0\quad (\mathbb {P} {\text{-f. s.}})}" loading="lazy"></span> (siehe <a href="Fast_sichere_Eigenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast sichere Eigenschaften">Fast sichere Eigenschaften</a>).</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall s<t)\,\,P_{\lambda ,t}-P_{\lambda ,s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall s<t)\,\,P_{\lambda ,t}-P_{\lambda ,s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e8bd57b205afe9174b9d33cbea91e081bafba9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:29.677ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall s<t)\,\,P_{\lambda ,t}-P_{\lambda ,s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6415af86372f30ff000a131c44761cdaa17dab63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.188ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\lambda \cdot (t-s)}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Poisson-Verteilung" title="Poisson-Verteilung">Poisson-Verteilung</a> mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \cdot (t-s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \cdot (t-s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738d55f5ec89df770079b34ad8323f56bd44cdce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \cdot (t-s)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Sei für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<t_{1}<\dotsb <t_{n}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo><</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo><</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0<t_{1}<\dotsb <t_{n}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44114e44d5180a008e0e89ab71431c3b0fb09fd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.52ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<t_{1}<\dotsb <t_{n}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben. Dann ist die Familie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda ,t_{i}}-P_{\lambda ,t_{i-1}})_{2\leq i\leq n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda ,t_{i}}-P_{\lambda ,t_{i-1}})_{2\leq i\leq n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a5f7c8e20d0aa90cfe50b6c928764d1e0d925fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.238ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda ,t_{i}}-P_{\lambda ,t_{i-1}})_{2\leq i\leq n}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> stochastisch unabhängig.</li></ul>
<p>Für die Definition des inhomogenen Poisson-Prozesses siehe <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Inhomogener_Poisson-Prozess">Poisson-Prozess#Inhomogener Poisson-Prozess</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ein Poisson-Prozess ist gemäß Definition ein stochastischer <a href="Prozess_mit_unabh%C3%A4ngigen_Zuw%C3%A4chsen" title="Prozess mit unabhängigen Zuwächsen">Prozess mit unabhängigen Zuwächsen</a>.</li>
<li>Ein homogener Poisson-Prozess ist ein <a href="Markow-Kette#Stetige_Zeit_und_diskreter_Zustandsraum" title="Markow-Kette">Markow-Prozess</a> in stetiger Zeit mit diskretem Zustandsraum. Die <a href="Q-Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Matrix">Q-Matrix</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{ij}=\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i+1\}}-\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i\}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{ij}=\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i+1\}}-\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i\}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16d3f9aa932211d32b526f8eafc50f53e0c20c25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:24.737ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{ij}=\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i+1\}}-\lambda \mathbf {1} _{\{j=i\}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Der Zeitraum zwischen zwei Zuwächsen, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \min\{t\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,t}=n+1\}-\min\{s\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,s}=n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \min\{t\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,t}=n+1\}-\min\{s\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,s}=n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f63d55f6c6802ad7b3e7ab5c50e5d4f56176d019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:56.923ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \min\{t\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,t}=n+1\}-\min\{s\in [0,\infty )\vert P_{\lambda ,s}=n\}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce8a1b7b3bc3c790054d93629fc3b08cd1da1fd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist <a href="Exponentialverteilung" title="Exponentialverteilung">exponentialverteilt</a> mit dem Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Wartezeit auf den nächsten Sprung ist also <a href="Ged%C3%A4chtnislosigkeit" title="Gedächtnislosigkeit">gedächtnislos</a>, d. h., die Restwartezeit auf den nächsten Sprung ist unabhängig von der bisherigen Wartezeit. Daraus folgt, dass auch hier das <a href="Wartezeitparadoxon" title="Wartezeitparadoxon">Wartezeitparadoxon</a> gilt.</li>
<li>Demnach ist die Wartezeit bis zum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Sprung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d9241493be76739f2400f258f32c24f9689161f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Gammaverteilung" title="Gammaverteilung">gammaverteilt</a> mit Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>. Man sieht das deutlich, wenn man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d9241493be76739f2400f258f32c24f9689161f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{n}=T_{1}+(T_{2}-T_{1})+\cdots +(T_{n}-T_{n-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{n}=T_{1}+(T_{2}-T_{1})+\cdots +(T_{n}-T_{n-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c67061345939e56c9ba378fc3af4236aa41bb567.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.706ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{n}=T_{1}+(T_{2}-T_{1})+\cdots +(T_{n}-T_{n-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> schreibt.</li>
<li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1deb3e54f0700e4d7acf962552c5e4586e9932d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.734ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Poisson-Prozess und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33eb0ad28ebb73afb1521fca14885b6301012792.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.351ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\lambda ,t}=P_{\lambda ,s+t}-P_{\lambda ,s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\lambda ,t}=P_{\lambda ,s+t}-P_{\lambda ,s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fcf4c32f7f23485bb1492a152475dba3706f603.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.687ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\lambda ,t}=P_{\lambda ,s+t}-P_{\lambda ,s}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/248525429e9cd266f53ab8c52d17bc206c546060.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder ein Poisson-Prozess, d. h., die Zuwächse homogener Poisson-Prozesse sind stationär. Ein homogener Poisson-Prozess ist also ein spezieller <a href="L%C3%A9vy-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévy-Prozess">Lévy-Prozess</a>.</li>
<li>Für den <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> und die <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz</a> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\operatorname {Var} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\lambda \cdot t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\operatorname {Var} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\lambda \cdot t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b340b5e6d933dc3f20f3b7682c3ccb43437bc2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.557ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\operatorname {Var} (P_{\lambda ,t})=\lambda \cdot t}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für die <a href="Variation_(Mathematik)#Quadratische_Variation" title="Variation (Mathematik)">quadratische Variation</a> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [P_{\lambda }]_{t}=P_{\lambda ,t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [P_{\lambda }]_{t}=P_{\lambda ,t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abfff90b6e62e1863c74e8b0b8330ac50ca7ada2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.635ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [P_{\lambda }]_{t}=P_{\lambda ,t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, da der stetige Martingalanteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda }^{\text{c}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>c</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda }^{\text{c}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91ba75218f14d499ff792ca710e1e2ca6774b4ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.784ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda }^{\text{c}}}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet und alle Sprünge die Höhe 1 haben.</li>
<li>Da der Pfad des Prozesses monoton steigt, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1deb3e54f0700e4d7acf962552c5e4586e9932d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.734ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda ,t}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Martingal" title="Martingal">Submartingal</a> bezüglich seiner natürlichen <a href="Filtrierung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" title="Filtrierung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Filtrierung</a>.</li>
<li>Falls man einen stochastischen Prozess hat, der die drei definierenden Eigenschaften erfüllt, so existiert eine Version des Prozesses mit càdlàg-Pfaden, also ein Poisson-Prozess.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\lambda ,t}:=P_{\lambda ,t}-\operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=P_{\lambda ,t}-\lambda \cdot t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\lambda ,t}:=P_{\lambda ,t}-\operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=P_{\lambda ,t}-\lambda \cdot t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45694e1f7f95c95a9abc90c868ee0e5ed9d90c3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.488ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\lambda ,t}:=P_{\lambda ,t}-\operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda ,t})=P_{\lambda ,t}-\lambda \cdot t}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>kompensierter Poisson-Prozess</i> und ist ein <a href="Martingal" title="Martingal">Martingal</a> bezüglich seiner natürlichen Filtrierung.</li>
<li>Unter relativ allgemeinen Annahmen konvergiert die Überlagerung von allgemeinen <a href="Erneuerungsprozess" title="Erneuerungsprozess">Erneuerungsprozessen</a> asymptotisch gegen einen Poisson-Prozess (<a href="Satz_von_Palm-Chintschin" title="Satz von Palm-Chintschin">Satz von Palm-Chintschin</a>).</li>
<li>Es gilt der <i>Abbildungsatz</i>, das heißt, ein Poisson-Punktprozess mit Intensität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> bildet unter einer messbaren Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder einen Poisson-Punktprozess mit der Intensität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\gamma )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\gamma )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75ac255da34908683dbb5e9e39e241c1b71f0e06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.35ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\gamma )}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poisson_Point_Process_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poisson_Point_Process-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_Definition">Alternative Definition</h2></div>
<p>In der obigen Definition wird die Poisson-Verteilung vorausgesetzt, sie lässt sich aber auch aus grundlegenden Eigenschaften eines stochastischen Prozesses (Poissonsche Annahmen) ableiten. Wenn diese Eigenschaften einem Geschehen in guter Näherung zugeordnet werden können, wird die Ereignishäufigkeit Poisson-verteilt sein. Poisson veröffentlichte 1837 seine Gedanken zu dieser Verteilung zusammen mit seiner <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie">Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie</a> in dem Werk „Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matières criminelles et en matière civile“ („Untersuchungen zur Wahrscheinlichkeit von Urteilen in Straf- und Zivilsachen“).
</p><p>Man betrachtet ein Raum- oder Zeitkontinuum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span>, in dem zählbare Ereignisse mit konstanter mittlerer Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> pro <a href="Einheitsintervall" class="mw-redirect" title="Einheitsintervall">Einheitsintervall</a> stattfinden (ein <a href="Bernoulli-Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernoulli-Experiment">Bernoulli-Experiment</a> wird sehr oft, sozusagen an jedem Punkt des Kontinuums durchgeführt). Nun richtet man den Blick auf ein genügend kleines Kontinuumsintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span>, das je nach Experiment einen Bereich, ein Zeitintervall, eine abgegrenzte Strecke, Fläche oder Volumen darstellen kann. Was sich dort ereignet, bestimmt die globale Verteilung auf dem Kontinuum.
</p><p>Die drei <i>Poissonschen Annahmen</i> lauten:
</p>
<ol><li>Innerhalb des Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [w,w+\Delta w]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [w,w+\Delta w]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27b2040fcb6fda995a889b38b998fc103ffa422e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.096ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [w,w+\Delta w]}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es höchstens ein Ereignis (Seltenheit).</li>
<li>Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Ereignis im Intervall zu finden, ist proportional zur Länge des Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> konstant ist, ist es damit auch unabhängig von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Das Eintreten eines Ereignisses im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> wird nicht beeinflusst von Ereignissen, die in der Vorgeschichte stattgefunden haben (Geschichtslosigkeit).</li></ol>
<p>Mit Annahme 1 und 2 ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Ereignis im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> zu finden, gegeben als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}(\Delta w)=g\cdot \Delta w,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}(\Delta w)=g\cdot \Delta w,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6516437e099b19f552e84043c358fecb6b14c5a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:17.863ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}(\Delta w)=g\cdot \Delta w,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sowie die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> kein Ereignis auftritt, durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}(\Delta w)=1-p_{1}(\Delta w)=1-g\cdot \Delta w.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}(\Delta w)=1-p_{1}(\Delta w)=1-g\cdot \Delta w.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be0bcdfa286e31f5ecf90547f456468dbe6924ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:36.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}(\Delta w)=1-p_{1}(\Delta w)=1-g\cdot \Delta w.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach Annahme 3 ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines ereignisfreien Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängig vom Auftreten irgendwelcher Ereignisse im Bereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> davor. So berechnet man die Wahrscheinlichkeit für kein Ereignis bis zum Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c6e4885ec1f898729a1b7753c16e4aaf20ba5a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.105ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}(w+\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)-g\cdot p_{0}(w)\cdot \Delta w.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}(w+\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)-g\cdot p_{0}(w)\cdot \Delta w.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc12063c92629998d1671aa8e7b21418a7bf1714.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:56.389ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}(w+\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)=p_{0}(w)-g\cdot p_{0}(w)\cdot \Delta w.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das ergibt näherungsweise die <a href="Gew%C3%B6hnliche_Differentialgleichung" title="Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung">gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{0}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{0}(w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{0}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{0}(w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a46f6e963388259a3cc8b70e53ae79baab881332.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:19.263ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{0}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{0}(w)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Lösung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}(w)=\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}(w)=\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3416f3ed7afbc0cf58342f9ad3c31e0f50465b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:13.851ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}(w)=\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>unter der <a href="Anfangsbedingung" title="Anfangsbedingung">Anfangsbedingung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}(0)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}(0)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca86f7c8dc96bc75d6489896ab25f16749541fb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}(0)=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ebenso findet man die Wahrscheinlichkeit für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> Ereignisse bis zum Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c6e4885ec1f898729a1b7753c16e4aaf20ba5a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.105ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w+\Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{m}(w+\Delta w)&=p_{m}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)+p_{m-1}(w)\cdot p_{1}(\Delta w)\\&=p_{m}(w)-g\cdot p_{m}(w)\cdot \Delta w+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)\cdot \Delta w.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{m}(w+\Delta w)&=p_{m}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)+p_{m-1}(w)\cdot p_{1}(\Delta w)\\&=p_{m}(w)-g\cdot p_{m}(w)\cdot \Delta w+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)\cdot \Delta w.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d533ff94d47e3f700fa19b4995bfaf9df3c53d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.139ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{m}(w+\Delta w)&=p_{m}(w)\cdot p_{0}(\Delta w)+p_{m-1}(w)\cdot p_{1}(\Delta w)\\&=p_{m}(w)-g\cdot p_{m}(w)\cdot \Delta w+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)\cdot \Delta w.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Jedes angehängte Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e68d563090a013f7e1f356f80d3471dab58e689b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta w}" loading="lazy"></span> darf nach Annahme 1 nur entweder kein oder ein Ereignis enthalten. Die entsprechende Differentialgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{m}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{m}(w)+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{m}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{m}(w)+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ad2c1db9376e5705ddd063aeb16ee0488ec786c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:34.442ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} p_{m}(w)}{\mathrm {d} w}}=-g\cdot p_{m}(w)+g\cdot p_{m-1}(w)}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Lösung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{m}(w)={\frac {(g\cdot w)^{m}}{m!}}\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>w</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{m}(w)={\frac {(g\cdot w)^{m}}{m!}}\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d732286e38089fd25f2bcff10cf532b5ce54f890.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:23.899ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{m}(w)={\frac {(g\cdot w)^{m}}{m!}}\mathrm {e} ^{-g\cdot w}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Identifiziert man nun in diesem Ausdruck, der die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Eintretens von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> Ereignissen im Kontinuumsbereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt, die Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (g\cdot w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (g\cdot w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3ee445780b939575f3a7351102ff762a28bdaad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.269ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (g\cdot w)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>, stimmt er mit der Formel der Poisson-Verteilung überein. Die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich in vielen Aufgabenstellungen als Produkt einer <i>Rate</i> (Anzahl von Ereignissen pro Einheitsintervall) und einem Vielfachen des Einheitsintervalls.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammengesetzte_Poisson-Prozesse">Zusammengesetzte Poisson-Prozesse</h2></div>
<p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b930a180af3138b8cf9c3e6674b5713bf81ef295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.692ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Poisson-Prozess mit Intensität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e65cc76587181a4deb63389e9f8383e9f037bf2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.601ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Unabh%C3%A4ngig_und_identisch_verteilte_Zufallsvariablen" title="Unabhängig und identisch verteilte Zufallsvariablen">unabhängig und identisch verteilte Zufallsvariablen</a> unabhängig von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b930a180af3138b8cf9c3e6674b5713bf81ef295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.692ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so wird der stochastische Prozess
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}:=\sum _{n=1}^{N_{t}}Y_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}:=\sum _{n=1}^{N_{t}}Y_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aad19e23f617cc95adb551cd2522d40f08fdd95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.807ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}:=\sum _{n=1}^{N_{t}}Y_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als <i>zusammengesetzter Poisson-Prozess</i> bezeichnet. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann <a href="Zusammengesetzte_Poisson-Verteilung" title="Zusammengesetzte Poisson-Verteilung">zusammengesetzt Poisson-Verteilt</a>. Wie der ursprüngliche Poisson-Prozess ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Sprungprozess" title="Sprungprozess">Sprungprozess</a> unabhängiger Zuwächse und exponential(<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span>)-verteilter Abstände zwischen den Sprüngen mit Sprunghöhen, die nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> verteilt sind. Gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{1}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{1}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a8331d77c4ce299a1b11b670780a5d3b9adbd51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{1}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> f. s., so erhält man wieder einen Poisson-Prozess.
</p><p>Für den Erwartungswert gilt die <i><a href="Formel_von_Wald" title="Formel von Wald">Formel von Wald</a></i> (nach dem Mathematiker <a href="Abraham_Wald" title="Abraham Wald">Abraham Wald</a>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} (X_{t})=\mathbb {E} (N_{t})\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})=\mu t\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} (X_{t})=\mathbb {E} (N_{t})\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})=\mu t\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ff56fecda48d3c8c000a0af1f9fe3f7e3c8793a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.129ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} (X_{t})=\mathbb {E} (N_{t})\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})=\mu t\mathbb {E} (Y_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für die Varianz gilt die <a href="Blackwell-Girshick-Gleichung" title="Blackwell-Girshick-Gleichung">Blackwell-Girshick-Gleichung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\mu t\operatorname {E} (Y_{1})^{2}+\mu t\operatorname {Var} (Y_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\mu t\operatorname {E} (Y_{1})^{2}+\mu t\operatorname {Var} (Y_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/188ddac41afaf4de5399bf7384a770641a9038e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.455ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\mu t\operatorname {E} (Y_{1})^{2}+\mu t\operatorname {Var} (Y_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Zusammengesetzte Poisson-Prozesse sind Lévy-Prozesse.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhomogener_Poisson-Prozess">Inhomogener Poisson-Prozess</h2></div>
<p>In manchen Fällen kann es sinnvoll sein, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> nicht als Konstante, sondern als <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> der Zeit aufzufassen. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0e1cc2c2f9e6d8b22c0da0bb5fe8f0f47791e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> muss dabei die beiden Bedingungen
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (t)>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/877fe9ea69bef9f6851ba10fdee33f7dfb140159.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.265ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)>0}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ceaaee1cc7bc83dc5946a9e09277bfdf1fcabff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.869ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t<\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dccfa91ab20277b97246d8601ac12c96057b1fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.579ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{1},\tau _{2}\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{1},\tau _{2}\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd17c15a3054579a635f9692502abcc82d5a131b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.204ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{1},\tau _{2}\in \mathbb {R} _{+}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>erfüllen.
</p><p>Für einen inhomogenen Poisson-Prozess <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda (t),t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda (t),t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68f4877426d84756fb6353dc840dc7b48cd7aa3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.343ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda (t),t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt abweichend von einem homogenen Poisson-Prozess:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{t}-P_{s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{t}-P_{s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f456a97cba95d15bf377f584654861e0c302d96e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:20.126ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{t}-P_{s}\sim {\mathcal {P}}_{\int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder die Poisson-Verteilung mit dem Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/307d5106c1f54e3c40b856be574f9b5a627de6d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.181ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{s}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.</li>
<li>Für den Erwartungswert gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e26d515285001aebce63b41dea99849e31cb6c8b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.99ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für die <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz</a> gilt ebenfalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57bde5aed1e258bba90b5004b19e3f01abf6f8d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.224ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (P_{t})=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef3e70085bbfec0d2ed0f898618bbb48db4ab7b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/236a07f6109f6e8c7dd3d9229ab240a983045cd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Sprungstellen des inhomogenen Poisson-Prozesses, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef2eae0c6cdd517a31aa8bff759d853052d64af8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:11.157ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{\tau _{1}}^{\tau _{2}}\lambda (t)\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> exponentialverteilt mit dem Parameter 1.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cox-Prozess">Cox-Prozess</h2></div>
<p>Ein inhomogener Poisson-Prozess mit stochastischer Intensitätsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0e1cc2c2f9e6d8b22c0da0bb5fe8f0f47791e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>doppelt stochastischer Poisson-Prozess</i> oder nach dem englischen Mathematiker <a href="David_Cox_(Statistiker)" title="David Cox (Statistiker)">David Cox</a> auch <i>Cox-Prozess</i>. Betrachtet man eine bestimmte Realisierung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0e1cc2c2f9e6d8b22c0da0bb5fe8f0f47791e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, verhält sich ein Cox-Prozess wie ein inhomogener Poisson-Prozess. Für den Erwartungswert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda (t),t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\lambda (t),t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d926ad6616298bd1e8c21ae7eec4a53692bd5726.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.607ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\lambda (t),t}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda (t),t})=\operatorname {E} \left(\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda (t),t})=\operatorname {E} \left(\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a72ce86e03a468228d590733534222aaca50f43e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.282ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (P_{\lambda (t),t})=\operatorname {E} \left(\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (u)\,\mathrm {d} u\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsbeispiele">Anwendungsbeispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>Allgemein:
<ul><li>Zählung von gleichverteilten Ereignissen pro Flächen-, Raum- oder Zeitmaß (z. B. Anzahl der Regentropfen auf einer Straße; Anzahl der Sterne in einem Volumen <i>V</i> ist ein dreidimensionaler Poisson-Prozess)</li>
<li>Bestimmung der Häufigkeit seltener Ereignisse wie Versicherungsfälle, Zerfallsprozesse, Reparaturaufträge oder der Zahl der Tore in einem Fußballspiel (s. das Fußballbuch von <a href="Metin_Tolan" title="Metin Tolan">Metin Tolan</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li>Bediensysteme:
<ul><li>die zufällige Anzahl von Telefonanrufen pro Zeitspanne</li>
<li>die zufällige Anzahl der Kunden an einem Schalter pro Zeitspanne</li>
<li>die Zeitpunkte, in denen Anforderungen (Personen, Jobs, Telefonanrufe, Heap, …) bei einem Bediener (Bank, Server, Telefonzentrale, Speicherverwaltung, …) eingehen</li></ul></li>
<li>Fehler, Ausfälle, Qualitätskontrolle:
<ul><li>die zufällige Anzahl von nichtkeimenden Samenkörnern aus einer Packung</li>
<li>die Orte, an denen ein Faden Noppen hat</li>
<li>Anzahl der Pixelfehler auf einem LCD</li>
<li>Anzahl der Schlaglöcher auf einer Landstraße</li>
<li>Anzahl der Druckfehler in einem Buch</li>
<li>Anzahl der Unfälle pro Zeitspanne an einer Kreuzung</li>
<li>Auf <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://philip.greenspun.com/research/suicide-at-mit.pdf">[1]</a> (PDF; 35 kB) wird der Versuch unternommen, die Abfolge von <a href="Selbstmord" class="mw-redirect" title="Selbstmord">Selbstmorden</a> am <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> als Poisson-Prozess zu modellieren.</li></ul></li>
<li>Physik:
<ul><li>die Zeitpunkte, in denen eine radioaktive Substanz ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>-Teilchen emittiert</li>
<li>zufällige Anzahl der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>-Teilchen, die von einer radioaktiven Substanz in einem bestimmten Zeitraum emittiert werden</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Versicherungsmathematik" title="Versicherungsmathematik">Versicherungsmathematik</a>:
<ul><li>die Zeitpunkte von Großschäden einer Versicherung. In der <a href="Finanzmathematik" title="Finanzmathematik">Finanz-</a> und <a href="Schadensversicherungsmathematik" title="Schadensversicherungsmathematik">Schadensversicherungsmathematik</a> wird das Auftreten von zu deckenden Schäden üblicherweise durch einen zusammengesetzten Poisson-Prozess beschrieben, bei dem die einzelnen, unabhängig voneinander auftretenden Schäden nach Y verteilt sind. Versieht man diesen Schadensprozess dann noch mit einem deterministischen, negativen Drift (Versicherungsbeiträge), so erhält man den Vermögensprozess des Versicherungsunternehmens, auch Risikoprozess genannt. Dem schließen sich Fragestellungen an wie: Wie wahrscheinlich ist es, dass der Vermögensprozess einen gewissen Schwellwert <i>x</i>, das heißt die Rücklagen der Versicherung, überschreitet und damit einen <a href="Insolvenz" title="Insolvenz">Konkurs</a> erleidet (sogenanntes Ruin-Problem)? Wie stark muss der negative Drift beziehungsweise der Beitragssatz sein, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Konkurses (sog. Ruinwahrscheinlichkeit) unter eine vorgegebene Schwelle zu drücken?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Finanzmathematik" title="Finanzmathematik">Finanzmathematik</a>:
<ul><li>Modelle für <a href="B%C3%B6rsenkurs" title="Börsenkurs">Kurse</a> von <a href="Aktien" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktien">Aktien</a>, wobei auch Sprünge erlaubt sind. Hierfür werden zwar oft <a href="L%C3%A9vy-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévy-Prozess">Lévy-Prozesse</a> verwendet, aber da unendliche Aktivität oft schwer zu messen ist, werden auch zusammengesetzte Poissonprozesse verwendet.</li>
<li><a href="Kreditrisiko" title="Kreditrisiko">Kreditrisikomodelle</a> helfen <a href="Credit_Default_Swap" title="Credit Default Swap">CDS</a>, -Spreads und andere Kreditderivate zu bewerten und modellieren.</li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Sheldon M. Ross: <i>Stochastic Processes.</i> Wiley, New York NY u. a. 1983, ISBN 0-471-09942-2 (2nd edition. ebenda 1996, ISBN 0-471-12062-6).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Poisson_Point_Process-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Poisson_Point_Process_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Poisson_Point_Process_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="book">Günther Last, Mathew Penrose: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Lectures on Poisson Process</cite>. 5. Juli 2017 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.kit.edu/stoch/~last/seite/lectures_on_the_poisson_process/media/lastpenrose13052017.pdf">kit.edu</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Poisson-Prozess&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther+Last%2C+Mathew+Penrose&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Poisson+Process&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span></span>
</li>
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